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The 1870 Shield Nickel is a noteworthy example from the Shield Nickel series, which was introduced by the U.S. Mint in 1866. This series was the first to feature nickel as the primary metal for five-cent coins, replacing the earlier copper-nickel pieces. The Shield Nickel was designed to provide a more durable coinage option that could withstand the rigors of circulation better than its predecessors. The 1870 date marks a significant period in the coin's history, as it reflects the ongoing adaptation and production efforts of the Mint during this era.
The design of the 1870 Shield Nickel, created by engraver James B. Longacre, features a distinctive motif that became emblematic of this series. The obverse of the coin showcases a large shield with vertical stripes, representing protection and strength. This central shield is flanked by thirteen stars, symbolizing the original thirteen colonies that formed the United States. The inscription “E PLURIBUS UNUM” arches above the shield, emphasizing the unity of the nation. This design was intended to convey a sense of resilience and national pride, reflecting the country's post-Civil War optimism.
On the reverse side of the 1870 Shield Nickel, the design includes a wreath of olive and corn, encircling the denomination “5 C” for five cents. The inscription “UNITED STATES OF AMERICA” is prominently displayed around the wreath, while the word “NICKEL” is inscribed beneath it. The wreath is a traditional symbol of peace and prosperity, while the denomination clearly indicates the coin's value. This reverse design was chosen to signify the coin’s role in everyday transactions and its acceptance as legal tender.
The 1870 Shield Nickel was minted at the Philadelphia Mint, which was the primary facility responsible for producing U.S. coinage during this period. The total mintage of the 1870 Shield Nickel is relatively low compared to some other years in the series, with approximately 1,510,000 pieces produced. This lower mintage reflects the Mint's efforts to manage the supply of nickel coinage and meet the demands of a growing economy. Despite the lower production numbers, the 1870 Shield Nickel remains a significant example of the series due to its historical context and design.
In About Good (AG) condition, the 1870 Shield Nickel exhibits notable wear that affects its overall appearance. The high points of the design, including the shield and wreath, show significant smoothing and erosion, which have led to a loss of finer details. The coin's inscriptions and design elements are still discernible but less distinct, with much of the original relief having been worn down through circulation. The overall appearance of the coin in this condition is characterized by heavy wear, which impacts the visibility of its key features.
Despite its worn condition, the 1870 Shield Nickel holds considerable value for collectors and historians. Its status as an early nickel coin, combined with its relatively low mintage, makes it an important piece in the study of American numismatics. The coin's design and production history reflect the Mint's ongoing efforts to create durable and reliable currency during a period of significant change and development in U.S. coinage. Collectors appreciate the 1870 Shield Nickel for its historical significance and as a representation of the early days of nickel coinage in the United States.