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The Indian Head Cent of 1870 stands as a significant piece of American numismatic history, reflecting a period of transformation and growth in the United States post-Civil War era. Designed by James B. Longacre, the Chief Engraver of the United States Mint, the Indian Head Cent series was produced from 1859 to 1909. The 1870 issue is notable for its depiction of Liberty wearing a Native American headdress, a design intended to symbolize unity and strength.
The obverse of the 1870 Indian Head Cent features the iconic profile of Liberty adorned with a feathered headdress. This design element combines classical and indigenous American imagery, creating a uniquely American symbol. The band of the headdress is inscribed with the word "LIBERTY," and surrounding the profile are the words "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" and the date "1870." The detailed feathers and the dignified profile of Liberty make this coin a standout in American coinage design.
The reverse of the 1870 Indian Head Cent displays an oak wreath encircling the denomination "ONE CENT." At the base of the wreath, a small shield is prominently featured, representing the strength and endurance of the nation. This reverse design was introduced in 1860, replacing the earlier laurel wreath, and is known for its intricate detail and symbolic significance. The oak wreath signifies resilience and fortitude, qualities essential to the United States during its period of reconstruction and growth.
The 1870 Indian Head Cent was minted exclusively at the Philadelphia Mint, as were all cents of this series until additional mints opened later. The coin does not feature a mint mark, which is characteristic of coins produced at the Philadelphia Mint during this era. The total mintage for the 1870 Indian Head Cent was approximately 5,275,000 coins, making it a relatively common issue but still highly valued by collectors for its historical context and design.
The composition of the 1870 Indian Head Cent is an essential aspect of its historical significance. In 1864, the composition was changed from a copper-nickel alloy to a bronze alloy consisting of 95% copper and 5% tin and zinc. This change was implemented to reduce production costs and improve the coin's durability, which was crucial during the economically challenging times of the Civil War. The bronze alloy, weighing 3.11 grams and measuring 19 millimeters in diameter, proved to be an excellent choice for the cent, ensuring its longevity and utility.
In About Good (AG) condition, the 1870 Indian Head Cent exhibits significant wear from extensive circulation. The obverse, with Liberty's profile and the headdress feathers, shows smoothing, and finer details may be less distinct. Despite the wear, the primary design elements, such as Liberty's outline and the inscription "LIBERTY," remain discernible, retaining the coin's historical and aesthetic value.
The reverse of the 1870 Indian Head Cent in AG condition also shows substantial wear. The details of the oak wreath and the shield may be faint, and the inscription "ONE CENT" can appear worn and blended into the background. However, the overall design remains recognizable, offering a tangible link to the coin's historical context and the era it circulated in.
The 1870 Indian Head Cent is a significant artifact from a transformative period in American history. The coin's design, featuring Liberty in a Native American headdress, reflects the nation's ideals of unity and strength. Its bronze composition marks an important transition in American coinage, adapting to the economic realities of the time while maintaining the integrity and durability of the currency.
Collectors and historians value the 1870 Indian Head Cent for its historical significance and artistic beauty. The coin's moderate mintage and its condition in AG state make it a cherished piece in numismatic collections. Despite the wear, the coin's design elements remain visible, allowing it to tell the story of its time. The Indian Head Cent series, with its rich symbolism and historical context, continues to captivate those who appreciate the legacy of American coinage.
Owning an 1870 Indian Head Cent in AG condition allows collectors to hold a piece of American history. The coin's worn surfaces bear witness to the many hands it has passed through over the years, adding character and depth to its story. The transition to bronze in 1864 and the continuation of this composition in 1870 highlight important developments in the series, making this coin a fascinating study for numismatists and historians alike.
The 1870 Indian Head Cent, with its blend of artistic design and historical significance, remains a treasured piece among collectors. Its issuance during a pivotal moment in American history and its representation of Liberty in a unique and meaningful way ensure its place as a significant artifact of the United States' numismatic heritage. Whether viewed as a work of art, a piece of history, or a collectible, the 1870 Indian Head Cent continues to hold a special place in the hearts of those who value the enduring legacy of American coinage.