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The Indian Head Cent of 1868 is a notable example of American numismatic history, representing a period of post-Civil War recovery and national growth. This coin is part of the Indian Head Cent series, which was minted from 1859 to 1909. Designed by James Barton Longacre, the Chief Engraver of the United States Mint, the Indian Head Cent was intended to reflect the spirit and identity of the United States during a time of significant change and development. The 1868 issue, minted in Philadelphia, serves as a testament to the country's resilience and ambition during the Reconstruction era.
The obverse of the 1868 Indian Head Cent features a striking image of Liberty adorned with a Native American headdress. This design choice was both innovative and symbolic, merging classical themes with elements unique to American culture. Liberty's profile is encircled by the inscription "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA," while the date "1868" is prominently displayed at the bottom. The headdress, crowned with the word "LIBERTY," signifies freedom and the nation's evolving identity. This imagery captures the essence of a country striving to redefine itself in the wake of a profound conflict.
The reverse side of the 1868 Indian Head Cent continues the theme of strength and endurance with an oak wreath encircling the denomination "ONE CENT." At the top of the wreath, a small shield represents the Union and its protection. The oak wreath, symbolizing strength and resilience, was a fitting choice for a nation working to rebuild and unify. This reverse design remained consistent throughout much of the Indian Head Cent series, providing a sense of continuity and stability during a period of significant transformation.
The 1868 Indian Head Cent was minted at the Philadelphia Mint, as indicated by the absence of a mint mark. The Philadelphia Mint was instrumental in producing currency during and after the Civil War, playing a crucial role in maintaining the nation's economic stability. The mintage for the 1868 Indian Head Cent was approximately 10,266,500 pieces. While this mintage figure places it among the more common issues within the series, its historical significance and distinctive design make it a valuable and sought-after piece among collectors.
The composition of the 1868 Indian Head Cent is notable for its bronze alloy. The coin is composed of 95% copper and 5% tin and zinc, a change from the earlier copper-nickel composition used from 1859 to 1864. This transition to bronze was driven by the economic demands of the Civil War and the need for more readily available materials. The bronze composition gave the coins a distinct reddish-brown color and a weight of 3.11 grams, which became the standard for the series. The change in composition also improved the coins' durability and appearance, contributing to their lasting appeal.
Coins in Fine condition, such as the 1868 Indian Head Cent, exhibit moderate wear on the highest points of the design, with most major details remaining clear and legible. Fine is a grading standard that indicates significant but not excessive wear, with all major design elements still visible. This level of preservation makes the coin accessible to collectors while still offering a substantial connection to its historical period. The wear patterns on a Fine condition coin can tell a story of its journey through history, adding a layer of intrigue and character to the piece.
The Indian Head Cent series, including the 1868 issue, holds a special place in American numismatic history. These coins were widely circulated and used in everyday transactions, making them an integral part of daily life for many Americans. The Indian Head Cent's design and symbolism reflect the country's cultural and historical heritage, capturing the spirit of a nation striving to build a better future. Collectors and historians alike appreciate these coins for their artistic merit and the stories they tell about America's past.
Overall, the 1868 Indian Head Cent is a remarkable coin that offers a glimpse into the United States' journey through a pivotal period in its history. Its design, composition, and mintage details make it a fascinating piece for numismatists and a cherished artifact of America's numismatic heritage. Whether held as a collector's item or studied as a historical document, the 1868 Indian Head Cent continues to captivate and inspire those who encounter it.