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The 1864 Indian Head Cent, marked with the "CN" (copper-nickel) designation, represents a notable transition in American coinage during a period of significant change. Minted during the American Civil War, this year is particularly important as it saw the introduction of a new metal composition. Prior to 1864, the Indian Head Cent was composed of bronze, but due to the wartime copper shortages, the Mint shifted to a composition of 88% copper and 12% nickel. This change was reflected in the coin's design and production, marking a significant moment in the history of American numismatics.
The obverse of the 1864 Indian Head Cent features a detailed and iconic image of a Native American woman adorned with a feathered headdress. This design, created by James B. Longacre, is intended to evoke a sense of American identity and strength. On the 1864 coin, the portrait is surrounded by the inscription “UNITED STATES OF AMERICA” along the upper rim. The coin in Very Fine condition displays moderate wear, with the high points of the design, such as the feathers and facial details, showing some flattening. Despite the wear, the essential features of the portrait are still distinct, reflecting the artistry and intent behind Longacre's design.
The reverse side of the 1864 Indian Head Cent depicts a laurel wreath encircling a shield with the denomination “ONE CENT” prominently displayed. The wreath is tied at the base with a ribbon, and the inscription “UNITED STATES OF AMERICA” is shown around the upper portion of the design. In Very Fine condition, the wreath and shield are clearly defined but exhibit signs of wear, particularly on the high relief areas where the details have been smoothed. The ribbon and the laurel leaves have lost some of their finer details, yet the overall design remains recognizable and intact.
The 1864 Indian Head Cent was minted at the Philadelphia Mint, and its production reflects a response to the critical wartime shortages of copper. The total mintage for the 1864 Indian Head Cent was approximately 19,130,000, which includes both the bronze and the copper-nickel versions. The copper-nickel cents were produced to help address the scarcity of copper and to maintain the flow of small change during a time of economic uncertainty. The significant mintage of this year makes the 1864 Indian Head Cent relatively common, but its historical context and the metal composition change add layers of interest for collectors.
In Very Fine condition, the 1864 Indian Head Cent exhibits a level of wear that affects both the obverse and reverse designs. The coin shows moderate surface wear with some flattening of the high points, particularly on the Native American's headdress and the laurel wreath on the reverse. The finer details of the design are somewhat diminished, but the coin's essential features, including the inscriptions and central motifs, remain legible and intact. The coin’s surface may exhibit slight discoloration or toning due to its age, but the overall appearance is consistent with the wear expected from circulation during its era.
The 1864 Indian Head Cent with the “CN” mark is a significant piece in American numismatic history, symbolizing the adjustments made by the Mint in response to wartime constraints. Collectors value this coin not only for its distinctive metal composition but also for its role in the broader narrative of American coinage during a pivotal historical moment. The 1864 Indian Head Cent stands as a testament to the adaptability of the Mint and the resilience of American currency, offering both historical and numismatic significance to collectors and enthusiasts alike.