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The Indian Head Cent of 1859 marks the beginning of one of the most beloved series in American numismatics. Designed by James B. Longacre, this cent replaced the short-lived Flying Eagle cent, and it introduced a new design that would endure for the next half-century. The Indian Head Cent series began in 1859 and continued until 1909, encapsulating a significant period in United States history. The 1859 Indian Head Cent is particularly noteworthy as it represents the inaugural year of this iconic series.
The obverse of the 1859 Indian Head Cent features a profile of Liberty wearing a Native American headdress, which is often misunderstood as depicting a Native American figure. In reality, Longacre intended this design to represent Liberty and to symbolize the unity and strength of the nation. Liberty is depicted with detailed facial features and a headdress inscribed with the word "LIBERTY." Surrounding her are the words "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" and the year "1859." This design was innovative for its time, blending classical elements with a uniquely American motif.
The reverse of the 1859 Indian Head Cent is distinct from later issues in the series. It features an oak wreath and a shield, differing from the laurel wreath introduced in 1860. The oak wreath, symbolizing strength and endurance, surrounds the denomination "ONE CENT." Above the wreath is a small shield, which was a common motif in American coinage, representing the federal government. This reverse design was used only in 1859, making it unique among Indian Head Cents and highly collectible.
The 1859 Indian Head Cent was minted exclusively at the Philadelphia Mint, as there were no branch mint issues for this coin. Consequently, there is no mint mark present on the coin. The total mintage for the 1859 Indian Head Cent was 36,400,000, a substantial figure reflecting the widespread use and popularity of the cent during that time. Despite this relatively high mintage, the coin remains sought after by collectors, especially those in higher grades.
An Indian Head Cent graded as About Good (AG) typically shows considerable wear, with many details of the design worn down, though the major elements remain identifiable. On the obverse, the outline of Liberty's head and the headdress are often faint, with most fine details obliterated by wear. The reverse, featuring the oak wreath and the denomination, also shows significant wear, with the wreath's leaves and the inscription often blending into the coin’s surface. Despite this heavy wear, the 1859 Indian Head Cent in AG condition retains its historical significance and appeal.
The 1859 Indian Head Cent is composed of 88% copper and 12% nickel, weighing 4.67 grams and measuring 19 millimeters in diameter. This copper-nickel composition, also known as "nickel cents," gives the coin a distinctive pale appearance, different from the later bronze cents introduced in 1864. The heavier weight and unique composition of the 1859 cent make it a notable piece within the series, representing a specific phase in the evolution of American coinage.
Collecting an 1859 Indian Head Cent in About Good condition offers a unique opportunity to own a piece of American history from a period of significant change. Despite the wear, the coin’s historical context, combined with its design features, provides a fascinating glimpse into the mid-19th century United States. The distinct reverse design with the oak wreath and shield marks this coin as a special piece within the Indian Head Cent series, adding to its historical narrative. Owning an 1859 Indian Head Cent allows collectors to appreciate the artistry and historical significance embedded in this small yet meaningful piece of American numismatic heritage.
The Indian Head Cent series, particularly the 1859 issue, captures a blend of artistry, history, and cultural symbolism. James B. Longacre's design, featuring the iconic Liberty with a Native American headdress and the unique oak wreath reverse, reflects the ideals and aspirations of a nation in transition. The 1859 Indian Head Cent, with its distinctive design and historical relevance, remains a cherished collectible for enthusiasts, preserving a tangible link to America’s rich and complex past.