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The Great Britain 1 penny of 1890, cataloged as KM#755, is a remarkable example of late Victorian coinage that not only reflects the artistry of British minting but also encapsulates the socio-economic context of its time. This coin was struck during a pivotal period in British history, characterized by significant industrial advancement and the expansion of the British Empire. The 1 penny denomination, widely used in daily transactions, played an essential role in the commerce of the era.
Queen Victoria's reign, which lasted from 1837 to 1901, is notable for its profound changes in society, culture, and politics. By 1890, the British Empire was at its zenith, stretching across continents and influencing global trade and politics. The industrial revolution had transformed Britain into a powerhouse of manufacturing and innovation, leading to the urbanization of vast populations. Coins such as the 1 penny were integral to everyday life, making them a vital aspect of economic transactions for the general public.
The obverse of the 1890 penny features a finely detailed portrait of Queen Victoria, designed by the engraver Sir Edward Poynter. The portrait depicts the queen in her diadem, embodying both grace and authority. Surrounding her likeness are the words "VICTORIA DEI GRA BRITT REGINA FID DEF," which translates to "Victoria, by the Grace of God, Queen of Britain, Defender of the Faith." This inscription not only affirms her royal status but also emphasizes her role as the sovereign of a nation that prided itself on its imperial reach and Christian heritage.
On the reverse side of the coin, a beautifully designed representation of Britannia is featured. She is depicted seated, holding a trident in her right hand while resting her left hand on a shield emblazoned with the Union Jack. The presence of Britannia symbolizes British strength and resilience, serving as an emblem of national pride during a time of colonial expansion. The inscription "ONE PENNY" prominently displayed on this side clearly indicates the coin's denomination, ensuring its easy identification for the public.
Minted in bronze, the 1890 penny exhibits a characteristic reddish-brown hue, a trait common to coins produced during this period. The coin is graded as XF (Extremely Fine), indicating that it has been well-preserved and shows only minimal signs of wear. Coins in this condition are particularly sought after by collectors, as they showcase the intricate details of both the queen's portrait and the image of Britannia. The craftsmanship involved in the coin's production is evident, highlighting the artistry of the British mint during this era.
The mintage for the 1890 penny was substantial, with approximately 13 million coins struck. This high mintage reflects the coin's importance as a circulating currency during the late Victorian period. The widespread use of the penny in everyday transactions contributed to its familiarity among the public, making it a staple of commerce. However, despite its circulation, finding examples in XF condition can be relatively rare, as many coins from this era endured heavy usage and became worn over time. As such, the 1890 penny in high quality is regarded as a valuable collectible by numismatists.
The historical context surrounding the 1890 penny adds to its significance as a collectible item. The late 19th century was marked by a variety of social and economic changes in Britain, including the rise of the working class and growing demands for political reform. The penny was a critical part of daily life, facilitating transactions among the working population and serving as a reflection of the economic realities of the time. The coin's design, featuring Britannia, speaks to the pride and confidence of a nation that saw itself as a global leader.
Artistic trends during this period also influenced the design of the penny. The Victorian era was known for its revival of classical motifs and emphasis on intricate, meaningful designs. The combination of the queen's portrait and the figure of Britannia showcases this artistic ethos, blending national identity with royal authority. Collectors are often drawn to such coins not just for their monetary value but for the historical narratives they represent, connecting them to the rich tapestry of British history.
As a collectible, the 1890 Great Britain 1 penny stands out for its historical importance, aesthetic appeal, and remarkable preservation. Coins from this period provide a tangible connection to the past, allowing collectors to engage with the stories of those who utilized this currency in their daily lives. The intricate designs, combined with the historical significance of the Victorian era, make the 1 penny a prized addition to any collection, embodying the spirit of an age marked by progress and expansion.
In summary, the Great Britain 1 penny of 1890 is much more than a piece of currency; it is a significant artifact that encapsulates the essence of late Victorian Britain. Its design, historical context, and condition contribute to its allure as a collectible item. The 1890 penny serves as a reminder of a transformative period in British history, connecting present-day collectors to the lives of those who engaged with this coin in their everyday transactions. As interest in Victorian coinage continues to grow, the 1 penny remains a cherished piece of numismatic heritage, representing a unique intersection of art, culture, and history.