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The Great Britain 1 Farthing of 1860, cataloged as KM#747.2, is a fascinating representation of Victorian coinage that reflects both the economic conditions of its time and the artistic sensibilities of the era. The farthing, meaning "one-fourth," has a long history in British currency, originating in the 13th century as a means of facilitating transactions among the lower classes. By the mid-19th century, it had become an integral part of everyday commerce, particularly for those engaged in local markets and trades.
Minted during the reign of Queen Victoria, the 1860 farthing reflects the significant social and political changes occurring in Britain at the time. Queen Victoria ascended to the throne in 1837, and her reign marked a period of great transformation characterized by industrialization, urbanization, and the expansion of the British Empire. As cities grew and economies evolved, smaller denominations like the farthing became essential for everyday transactions, allowing the working class to engage in commerce more easily. This context gives the 1860 farthing its historical significance as a coin that was widely circulated and used in the daily lives of many Britons.
The obverse of the coin features a finely detailed portrait of Queen Victoria, designed by engraver Leonard Charles Wyon. The portrait shows the queen wearing a diadem and a necklace, conveying both authority and grace. The inscription around her image reads “VICTORIA DEI GRATIA,” which translates to “Victoria, by the Grace of God.” This phrase reflects the divine right of the monarch, a common theme in royal coinage of the time, reinforcing the connection between the crown and the state. Wyon’s design captures the essence of Queen Victoria’s image, striking a balance between realism and idealism that resonated with the public.
On the reverse side of the 1860 farthing, a striking depiction of Britannia is featured. Britannia is a classical personification of Britain, often seen in coinage during this period. She is depicted seated, holding a trident and shield, symbolizing maritime strength and national pride. The design also includes the denomination “ONE FARTHING” along with the date “1860.” The presence of Britannia reinforces the national identity of Britain during a time when the empire was at its height, signifying both stability and resilience amidst the rapidly changing landscape of the 19th century.
Minted at the Royal Mint in London, the 1860 farthing was produced to a high standard of quality. The Royal Mint has a storied history, known for its precision and artistry in coin production. The 1860 farthing, especially in the AU (About Uncirculated) grade, showcases remarkable details and minimal wear, indicative of the care taken in its minting. This grade suggests that the coin was preserved well, likely spending limited time in circulation, which adds to its desirability among collectors.
The mintage of the 1860 farthing is noteworthy, as it is estimated to be around 2.5 million coins. While this figure may seem relatively high, it is essential to consider that many coins from this period have not survived in good condition due to wear and tear from circulation. As a result, examples in higher grades, such as AU, are increasingly sought after, particularly by collectors interested in the Victorian era and British numismatics. The limited survival of high-quality examples contributes to the overall value and appeal of this coin in today’s market.
The significance of the 1860 farthing goes beyond its monetary value; it serves as a historical artifact that provides insights into the economic and social conditions of the time. The farthing's role in everyday transactions underscores its importance for the working class during a period of economic change. As industries flourished and urban areas expanded, small denominations like the farthing became essential for facilitating commerce, particularly in local markets where prices were often low and transactions frequent.
The design of the 1860 farthing also reflects the Victorian values of the time, emphasizing national pride and stability. The imagery of Britannia serves as a reminder of Britain’s maritime supremacy and imperial ambitions during the 19th century. As Britain expanded its reach across the globe, the farthing became a symbol of the everyday experiences of its people, linking the coinage to the broader narrative of British history and identity.
As a collectible, the 1860 Great Britain 1 Farthing appeals to a diverse range of numismatists, from those drawn to British history to those interested in Victorian artifacts. The coin's aesthetic appeal, combined with its historical significance and limited mintage, makes it an attractive piece for collectors. Furthermore, the quality of coins in the AU grade ensures that they not only serve as investments but also as display pieces that can be appreciated for their artistry and craftsmanship.
In conclusion, the Great Britain 1 Farthing of 1860 is a significant coin that captures a moment in British history marked by transformation and growth. Its design, historical context, and limited mintage make it a sought-after piece for collectors and historians alike. As a reflection of the social and economic conditions of its time, the 1860 farthing serves as a tangible connection to an era defined by progress and national pride, making it a valuable addition to any numismatic collection.